How to Install a Fire Escape Ladder

Building codes may not require fire escapes in residential homes, but having a second way out can keep you safe in an emergency. Fire escape ladders offer a quick and reliable exit from upper-level floors. In the video above, This Old House general contractor Tom Silva shows how to install a permanent fire escape ladder, which we’ll explain in greater detail in our guide.

Types of Fire Escape Ladders

There are two main types of fire escape ladders: portable and permanent. Each type has benefits, but permanent ladders offer immediate access and eliminate the need to search for the device in an emergency.

• Portable fire escape ladders: These ladders are more compact and can be stored in a closet or under a bed. They hook onto the windowsill when needed and unfold to reach the ground. While portable, they require setup time during an emergency.
• Permanent fire escape ladders: These ladders are ready for use. They’re installed directly into the wall beneath a window and concealed behind a cover that can be painted to match your wall. They provide instant access when needed.

Choosing the Right Ladder

Permanent ladders are generally more reliable and require less time to set up, making them preferred for many homeowners. Consider the following factors when selecting a fire escape ladder:

• Height of the floor (two-story vs. three-story)
• Window size and type
• Storage space (for portable ladders)
• Ease of use for all family members
• Weight capacity
• Durability and weather resistance

Installing a Permanent Fire Escape Ladder

Installing a permanent fire escape ladder requires some basic carpentry skills and can typically be completed in about two hours. The process involves creating an opening in the wall, reinforcing the structure, and securely mounting the ladder box.

Tools and Materials Needed

• Level
• Utility knife
• Reciprocating saw
• Putty knife
• Cordless impact driver
• Cordless drill/driver
• Ratchet wrench and sockets
• Hammer
• Chisel
• Fire escape ladder kit
• 2×4 lumber
• Lag screws
• Foil-faced insulation
• Drywall repair materials

Preparation Steps

A successful installation begins with proper preparation. Here’s how to get started:

1. Choose the appropriate window for installation, ideally in a bedroom or common area on upper-level floors.
2. Make sure the window is large enough for the ladder and allows an easy exit.
3. Check for any obstructions inside the wall, such as plumbing or electrical wires.

Installation Process

In the video, Silva shows how to attach the ladder to the wall structure securely using these steps:

1. Use the template provided with the ladder kit to mark the installation area on the wall, centering it beneath the window and about six inches below the window stool.
2. Cut along the marked lines using a utility knife, removing the drywall section to create an opening.
3. Inspect the wall cavity for insulation and remove it if necessary.
4. If a stud is present in the opening, use a reciprocating saw to remove it, cutting three inches below the bottom of the opening and flush with the top.
5. Install short pieces of 2×4 lumber inside the wall to provide a solid nailing surface for the ladder box.
6. Insert a thin piece of foil-faced insulation into the opening to prevent drafts.
7. Place the ladder box into the opening, checking that it’s level and flush with the wall.
8. Secure the box using lag screws, pre-drilling pilot holes to prevent splitting.
9. Test the ladder by deploying it and having someone climb a few rungs from the outside.
10. Fold the ladder back into the box and attach the protective cover.
11. Patch and paint the surrounding area to blend with the rest of your wall.

Safety Considerations When Installing a Fire Escape Ladder

Safety is the most important factor when installing and using a fire escape ladder. You should regularly inspect the ladder for any signs of wear or damage. Check that all family members know how to use the ladder and develop an escape plan that includes using it. Keep the area around the ladder clear of furniture or other obstacles, and consider installing smoke detectors near the ladder location.

Fire Escape Ladder Maintenance and Care

You should regularly check the mounting hardware for tightness and test the deployment mechanism at least once per year. Lubricate moving parts as recommended by the manufacturer and clean the ladder and box of any accumulated dust or debris. 

Most importantly, replace any damaged parts as soon as you notice them. Regular maintenance can prevent unexpected malfunctions and keep your ladder ready for use when needed. Being proactive about fire safety, such as adding a permanent fire escape ladder and staying on top of maintenance, can make a difference in the event of a home emergency.