Well water systems are a practical solution for homeowners who can’t or don’t want to get their water from a municipal source. But, when issues arise, they can be both frustrating and costly. Understanding how these systems work and recognizing common problems can save you hassle and money. This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey explains the intricacies of well water systems and how to diagnose potential issues.
Understanding Well Water Systems
Well water systems have several key components that work together to deliver water to your home. These systems rely on pumps to draw water from underground and pressure tanks to maintain consistent water pressure throughout your home.
Types of Well Pumps
There are two main types of well pumps:
- Submersible pumps: These are installed at the bottom of the well and push water up to the surface. Submersible pumps are known for their efficiency and are typically used in deeper wells.
- Jet pumps: Located inside the home, usually in the basement, these pumps pull water from the well. Jet pumps are more accessible for maintenance but are generally suited for shallow wells.
Pressure Systems
To maintain steady water flow, well water systems utilize pressure systems, typically with two types of tanks:
- Large pressure tank: This tank contains an air charge at the top and water at the bottom. The air pressure helps maintain consistent water flow.
- Bladder tank: This system uses a neoprene bladder or balloon-like material to separate the air and water, preventing oversaturation.
Both systems work to keep the pressure within an optimal range, ensuring that your home has a continuous and reliable water supply.
Additional Components
Besides pumps and tanks, several other components are integral to a well water system’s operation, including the following:
- Check valve: Prevents water from flowing back into the well, maintaining pressure
- Foot valve: Located at the bottom of the well to prevent backflow and retain system prime
- Pressure switch: Controls when the pump turns on and off based on water pressure
Common Well Water System Problems
Identifying problems early can save homeowners time and money. Here are some common issues associated with well water systems.
Frequent Pump Cycling
If you notice your well pump turning on and off frequently, it could indicate a problem with the pressure system. This issue, known as short cycling, can lead to increased electricity usage and premature pump failure. Short cycling often signifies a malfunctioning pressure switch or a waterlogged pressure tank.
Water Pressure Loss
A sudden drop in water pressure could signify various issues, including the following:
- Clogged water filter
- Failing well pump
- Malfunctioning pressure switch
- System leak
Addressing these issues promptly can prevent more severe damage and restore water pressure.
Unusual Noises
Strange sounds coming from your well system, such as grinding, squealing, or hammering, often indicate mechanical problems that require immediate attention. These noises can be due to worn-out components such as bearings in the pump or a failing motor.
Discolored Water
If your water becomes cloudy or discolored, it could indicate contamination or pipe corrosion. These water quality issues can affect the health and cleanliness of your household.
Diagnosing Well Water System Issues
To effectively diagnose problems with your well water system, follow these steps:
- Check the pressure gauge: A properly functioning system should maintain pressure between 40 and 60 psi. If the pressure falls outside this range, there might be an issue with the pressure tank or switch.
- Listen for unusual sounds: Pay attention to any strange noises when the pump is running or when you turn on a faucet. Noises might indicate mechanical failures or blockages.
- Monitor water quality: Changes in water color, taste, or odor can indicate system problems or contamination. Regular water quality testing can help identify these issues early.
- Inspect visible components: Look for signs of leaks, corrosion, or damage to accessible parts of the system. Regular visual inspections can prevent minor issues from becoming major problems.
- Test the pressure switch: This component controls when the pump turns on and off based on water pressure. Testing the switch can help determine if it’s functioning correctly.
Pressure Tank Problems for Well Water Systems
Pressure tank issues are among the most common problems in well water systems. These tanks can become waterlogged over time, leading to frequent pump cycling.
Signs of a Waterlogged Pressure Tank
- Pump turns on every time a faucet is opened
- Short bursts of water when a faucet is turned on
- Decreased water pressure throughout the home
Waterlogged tanks lose their air charge, reducing their ability to maintain steady water pressure.
Addressing Pressure Tank Issues
If you suspect your pressure tank is waterlogged:
- Check the air charge: Use a tire pressure gauge to measure the tank’s pressure.
- Recharge the tank: If the pressure is low, use a compressor to add air to the tank.
- Inspect the bladder: For bladder tanks, check if the bladder has failed and replace if necessary.
Addressing these issues can restore your system and prevent premature pump wear.
Well Pump Troubleshooting
Use these guidelines to diagnose well pump problems.
How To Tell If a Well Pump Is Bad
- Low water pressure throughout the house
- No water coming from faucets
- Pump runs constantly or not at all
- Unusual noises coming from the pump
These symptoms can indicate a range of issues, from electrical problems to mechanical failures within the pump.
Testing a Well Pump Without Pulling It
- Check the circuit breaker: Ensure power is reaching the pump. Reset the breaker if necessary.
- Test the pressure switch: Bypassing it temporarily can help determine if the switch is malfunctioning.
- Use a multimeter: Check for proper voltage at the pump to ensure it is receiving adequate power.
Symptoms of a Bad Check Valve
A faulty check valve can cause various issues:
- Loss of prime in the pump
- Water hammering in pipes
- Decreased water pressure
- Pump cycling on and off frequently
If a check valve is identified as the issue, it may need replacement to restore system functionality.
When To Call a Professional for Well Water System Issues
While some minor issues can be addressed by homeowners, many well water system problems require professional expertise. Call a well technician in the following cases:
- You’re unable to diagnose the problem
- The issue involves electrical components
- You suspect contamination in your water supply
- The problem persists after attempting basic troubleshooting
A qualified well technician can perform a comprehensive system check, including pressure tank inspection and recharging, well pump performance testing, water quality analysis, and electrical system evaluation. Professionals have the tools and knowledge to diagnose and fix these issues accurately.
Maintaining Your Well Water System
Regular maintenance can prevent many common issues and extend the life of your well water system. Here are some maintenance tips:
- Schedule annual inspections with a professional.
- Test your water quality at least once a year.
- Keep records of all maintenance and repairs.
- Protect your wellhead from damage and contamination.
- Monitor your water usage and pressure regularly.
Proactive maintenance can help avoid sudden system failures and ensure a reliable water supply.