How To Choose and Use Pliers and Wrenches

When tackling plumbing or heating projects around the house, having the right tools can make all the difference. Pliers and wrenches are essential for gripping, turning, and adjusting various nuts, bolts, and pipes. This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey demonstrates the proper selection and use of these indispensable tools, which we’ll discuss in detail below.

Types of Pliers and Wrenches

Understanding the different types of pliers and wrenches available is the first step in choosing the right tool for your project. 

Groove Joint Pliers

Groove joint pliers, also known as water pump pliers, are versatile tools that quickly adjust to grip various sizes of hexagonal and square nuts and fasteners. These pliers feature a series of grooves or notches along the handle, allowing for multiple jaw positions to accommodate different-sized objects.

Key features of groove joint pliers include:

• Adjustable jaw opening
• Serrated teeth for improved grip
• Long handles for increased leverage
• Suitable for gripping round, square, and hexagonal shapes

To use groove joint pliers effectively, grip the nut so that you’re pulling the handle toward the pliers’ smaller, adjustable jaw. This technique prevents slipping and ensures a secure hold on the workpiece.

Combination Wrenches

Combination wrenches are double-ended tools that feature an open-end wrench on one side and a box wrench on the other. These wrenches come in a wide variety of sizes to fit different nuts and bolts precisely.

Advantages of combination wrenches include:

• Fixed sizes for a perfect fit
• Open end for quick placement on fasteners
• Box end for increased torque and reduced risk of slipping
• Available in both metric and standard sizes

When using a combination wrench, choose the appropriate size for your fastener and use the box end for initial loosening or final tightening to prevent stripping—that is, rounding off the corners—of the nut or bolt. Use the open end for tasks in between.

Adjustable Wrenches

Adjustable wrenches feature a movable jaw that can be adjusted to fit various sizes of nuts and bolts. This versatility makes them a popular choice for many DIY projects and professional applications. You don’t need a full set of these wrenches, only two or three sizes.

Key features of adjustable wrenches include:

• Knurled adjustment wheel for easy size changes
• Wide range of jaw openings
• Suitable for both metric and standard fasteners
• Compact design for use in tight spaces

To use an adjustable wrench properly, turn the adjustment wheel to achieve a snug fit on the fastener. Position the wrench so that the force is applied to the fixed jaw, reducing the risk of the movable jaw slipping during use.

Pipe Wrenches

Pipe wrenches are specialized tools designed for gripping and turning round pipes and fittings. These wrenches have serrated jaws that bite into the workpiece, providing a secure grip on smooth, cylindrical surfaces.

Important features of pipe wrenches include:

• Adjustable jaw opening
• Serrated teeth for improved grip on round surfaces
• Long handles for increased leverage
• Available in various sizes for different pipe diameters

When using a pipe wrench, take a “three-corner bite” to avoid damaging the pipe. Ensure the wrench contacts the pipe at the fixed heel (bottom) jaw, at the adjustable hook (top) jaw, and at the beam, which is the long section of the hook jaw. This technique distributes the force evenly and prevents deforming the pipe.

Locking Pliers

Locking pliers, often known as vise-grips, are designed to clamp onto objects and hold them firmly in place. Although Trethewey doesn’t mention them in the video, they are especially useful for gripping rounded-off fasteners or objects that are difficult to hold with regular pliers. You don’t need to keep tension on them with your hand to maintain the locked grip.

Notable features of locking pliers include:

• Adjustable locking mechanism
• Curved or straight jaws
• One-handed release lever
• High clamping force

Locking pliers are great for tasks where you need both hands free, such as when welding or grinding.

Choosing the Right Tool for the Job

Selecting the appropriate pliers or wrench for your task is essential for both efficiency and safety. Consider the following factors when choosing your tool.

• Size and shape of the fastener or pipe: Ensure the tool can accommodate the size and shape of the fastener or pipe you’re working with.
• Amount of torque required: Different tools provide varying levels of torque—choose one that can handle the amount needed for your task.
• Available space for maneuvering the tool: If you’re working in a tight space, select a tool that fits comfortably and allows for movement.
• Material of the workpiece: Ensure the tool won’t damage the material you’re working with.
• Frequency of use: For tasks you perform frequently, invest in higher-quality tools that will last longer and perform better.

For hexagonal nuts and bolts, combination wrenches or adjustable wrenches are often the best choice. They provide a secure grip and reduce the risk of rounding off the corners of the fastener.

When working with pipes or rounded surfaces, opt for pipe wrenches or groove joint pliers. These tools are designed to grip cylindrical objects without slipping or causing damage.

For tasks that require frequent adjustments or working with various sizes of fasteners, groove joint pliers or adjustable wrenches offer versatility and convenience.

Proper Techniques for Using Pliers and Wrenches

Mastering the correct techniques for using pliers and wrenches will help you work more efficiently and safely. Here are some essential tips to keep in mind.

• Always use the correct size tool for the job.
• Ensure a secure grip before applying force.
• Pull towards yourself rather than pushing away when possible.
• Keep your hands and fingers clear of pinch points.
• Avoid using excessive force or “cheater bars” to increase leverage.
• Clean and maintain your tools regularly to ensure proper function.

When using pliers, position them so that you’re pulling the handle toward the smaller, adjustable jaw. This technique prevents slipping and provides a more secure grip on the workpiece.

For wrenches, always try to position the tool so that you’re pulling rather than pushing. This approach gives you better control and reduces the risk of injury if the wrench slips.

Maintenance and Care of Pliers and Wrenches

Proper maintenance of your pliers and wrenches will extend their lifespan and ensure they perform optimally when you need them. Follow these tips to keep your tools in top condition:

1. Clean tools after each use to remove dirt, grease, and debris.
2. Apply a light coat of oil to prevent rust and corrosion.
3. Store tools in a dry place to avoid moisture damage.
4. Inspect tools regularly for signs of wear or damage.
5. Replace worn or damaged tools to maintain safety and effectiveness.

By taking good care of your pliers and wrenches, you’ll ensure they’re always ready for your next project and reduce the need for frequent replacements.

Safety Tips When Using Pliers and Wrenches

Safety is paramount when working with any type of tool. Pliers and wrenches are no exception. Here are some additional safety tips to consider:

• Wear appropriate safety gear: Always wear safety glasses and gloves to protect yourself from injuries.
• Check for damage: Before using any tool, inspect it for any signs of damage or wear. Using a damaged tool can be dangerous.
• Use the right tool: Don’t try to make a tool work for a job it wasn’t designed for. This can result in damage to the tool, the workpiece, or yourself.
• Be mindful of your surroundings: Ensure the area you’re working in is clear of obstacles and other hazards.
• Store tools safely: When you’re done with your tools, store them safely where children or untrained individuals can’t access them.

Advanced DIY Techniques and Tips

For those who are more experienced with DIY projects, here are some advanced techniques and tips to improve your efficiency and the quality of your work:

• Use extensions and adapters: Sometimes, straight wrenches won’t fit into tight spaces. Extensions and adapters can help you reach those awkward spots.
• Heat can help: If you’re struggling with a stuck nut or bolt, try applying heat to the nut with a torch. This can sometimes loosen the grip of rust or overtightening, but must always be done with fire safety in mind.
• Switch to power tools for tough jobs: For really stubborn nuts and bolts, an impact wrench can provide the extra torque needed to get the job done. It’s safer and easier than trying to force it yourself.

Our Conclusion

Choosing and using the right pliers and wrenches is essential for successful plumbing and heating projects. By understanding the different types of tools available and mastering proper techniques, you’ll be well-equipped to tackle a wide range of household repairs and improvements.

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