Ladders are essential tools for many home improvement projects, but they can be dangerous if they’re not used properly. Each year, thousands of people end up in emergency rooms because of ladder-related accidents. It’s important to follow safety guidelines when using ladders to prevent injury while completing your home improvement tasks.
In this guide, we’ll explore the different types of ladders, their proper use, and essential safety measures. Plus, Ask This Old House general contractor Tom Silva explains his key ladder safety techniques in the video above.
Types of Ladders and Their Uses
Before diving into safety measures, let’s look at the different types of ladders available and their specific uses.
Wood Ladders
Wood ladders are a traditional choice and offer several advantages. Wood ladders are:
- Non-conductive, making them suitable for electrical work
- Durable and sturdy when properly maintained
- Often preferred by electricians for their safety around electrical wires
However, wood ladders can also be heavy and are susceptible to rot if they’re not stored properly.
Fiberglass Ladders
Fiberglass ladders have become increasingly popular thanks to their unique properties. They are:
- Non-conductive and ideal for electrical work
- Resistant to weather and corrosion
- Durable and long-lasting
- Available in various sizes and styles
While fiberglass ladders are generally more expensive than other types, their durability and safety features make them a worthwhile investment for many homeowners and professionals.
Aluminum Ladders
Aluminum ladders also offer several benefits, like that they’re:
- Lightweight and easy to maneuver
- Resistant to rust and corrosion
- Often less expensive than comparable wood or fiberglass ladders
Note that aluminum ladders conduct electricity. You should never use them for electrical work or near power lines.
Ladder Safety Basics
Regardless of the type of ladder you’re using, there are several fundamental safety practices to follow.
Weight Ratings
Every ladder has a maximum Duty Rating, which accounts for the combined weight of the user, tools, and materials a ladder is designed to handle. It’s important to always adhere to these ratings:
- Type III: Light duty, supports up to 200 pounds
- Type II: Medium duty, supports up to 225 pounds
- Type I: Heavy duty, supports up to 250 pounds
- Type IA: Extra heavy duty, supports up to 300 pounds
- Type IAA: Extra heavy duty, supports up to 375 pounds
Always choose a ladder with a rating that exceeds your total load.
Proper Inspection
Before each use, thoroughly inspect your ladder for any signs of damage or wear:
- Check for cracked or broken rungs
- Look for loose or wobbly connections
- Inspect rails for bends, twists, or cracks
- Check that all moving parts are functioning correctly
If you notice any issues, do not use the ladder until a professional has repaired or replaced it.
Correct Positioning
Proper ladder positioning is foundational for stability and safety. Follow these best practices:
- Place the ladder on a firm, level surface.
- For extension ladders, use the 4-to-1 rule: position the base 1 foot away from the wall for every 4 feet of ladder height.
- Ensure the ladder extends at least 3 feet above the roofline or working surface.
- Lock all spreaders and braces before climbing.
Using Different Ladder Types Safely
Each type of ladder has specific safety considerations to keep in mind.
Stepladder Safety
Stepladders are versatile and commonly used for household tasks. Follow these guidelines:
- Always fully open and lock the spreaders before use.
- Never stand on the top two steps or the paint tray.
- Keep your hips between the side rails while working.
- Don’t use a stepladder as a straight ladder by leaning it against a wall.
Extension Ladder Safety
Extension ladders require extra care because of their height and design:
- Raise the ladder by walking it up rung by rung while keeping it close to your body.
- Ensure both rung locks are fully engaged before climbing.
- Maintain three points of contact (two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand) while climbing.
- Use a tool belt to keep your hands free for climbing.
Articulating Ladder Safety
Articulating ladders offer versatility but require careful attention to their locking mechanisms. We recommend to:
- Always ensure all hinges and locks are fully engaged before use.
- Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper configuration.
- Never create your own configurations that aren’t shown in the user manual.
Advanced Ladder Safety Tips
If you frequently use ladders or work on more complex projects, these advanced tips can further enhance your safety.
Using Ladder Stabilizers
Ladder stabilizers, also known as standoffs, can greatly improve stability. They:
- Increase the ladder’s footprint, reducing the risk of tipping.
- Allow for easier access to work areas, especially around windows.
- Protect siding and gutters from damage.
Working on Uneven Surfaces
When working on uneven ground, you’ll need to adapt your approach:
- Use ladder levelers to guarantee a stable base.
- For soft terrain, flip the ladder feet to their vertical position and push them into the ground.
- Use a platform ladder for increased stability on stairs or slopes.
Proper Storage
Proper storage is essential for maintaining your ladder’s condition and safety:
- Store ladders indoors to protect them from the elements.
- Keep them in a dry, well-ventilated area.
- Hang them horizontally or vertically, following manufacturer recommendations.
- Avoid storing heavy objects on top of ladders.
Avoiding Common Mistakes
Even seasoned professionals can make mistakes that lead to accidents. By being aware of these common errors, you can further secure your safety while using ladders:
- Rushing the job: Always take your time when using a ladder. Rushing can lead to missteps and accidents.
- Incorrect ladder type: Use the right ladder for the job. A stepladder isn’t suitable for tasks requiring an extension ladder and vice versa.
- Ignoring surroundings: Always be aware of your surroundings. Power lines, uneven ground, and obstacles can all pose significant risks.
Ladder Maintenance and Upkeep
Regular maintenance of your ladder is just as important as proper usage. A well-maintained ladder can prevent accidents and extend its lifespan.
Routine Checks
Perform routine checks to make sure your ladder remains safe to use:
- Verify that all screws and bolts are tight.
- Lubricate moving parts, such as hinges and rung locks, for smooth operation.
- Clean the ladder to remove any dirt, paint, or other substances that could cause you to slip.
Professional Inspection
If you rely heavily on ladders, we recommend having a professional inspect them annually. This can help identify any wear and tear that may not be visible to the untrained eye. Professional inspections can provide peace of mind of knowing your equipment is safe to use.
Choosing the Right Ladder Accessories
Ladder accessories can enhance safety and improve efficiency. Here are some useful additions:
- Ladder jacks: Ladder jacks allow you to create a stable scaffolding system between two ladders. This is helpful for painting or roofing projects.
- Ladder levelers: Ladder levelers are essential for working on uneven surfaces. You can attach them to most ladders and provide a stable base on slopes or irregular ground.
- Tool trays and buckets: You can attach tool trays and buckets to the ladder to keep your tools and materials within easy reach. This minimizes the need to climb up and down the ladder frequently, reducing fatigue and the risk of accidents.
Training and Education
Understanding ladder safety is not only about knowing the tools but also about proper training and education. Investing in training can make a significant difference.
- Professional safety courses: Professional organizations offer ladder safety courses. These courses cover proper usage techniques, safety regulations and guidelines, and hands-on practice with various types of ladders.
- Employer training programs: If you work in an industry requiring frequent ladder use, your employer may offer comprehensive training programs. These programs often include regular safety drills, updated safety protocols, and practical assessments.
- Online resources: Numerous online resources and video tutorials provide valuable insights into ladder safety. Watching demonstrations by professionals, such as those by the TOH team, can help reinforce proper techniques and practices.
Environmental Considerations for Ladders
When using a ladder, it’s important to consider the environmental factors that could affect your safety. Different weather conditions and site-specific characteristics need attention.
Weather Conditions
Adverse weather conditions can significantly impact ladder safety:
- Wind: Strong winds can cause instability. Only use a ladder in calm weather conditions.
- Rain: Wet surfaces can lead to slips and falls. Make sure the ladder and ground are both dry before use.
- Sun: Prolonged sun exposure can make the ladder hot to the touch, especially metal ladders. Wear gloves to protect your hands.
Site-Specific Factors
Evaluate the specific site where you will be using the ladder:
- Avoid placing the ladder on recently disturbed ground or areas prone to erosion.
- Be cautious of other work happening in the vicinity that might impact ladder stability.
- Check for any hidden obstacles, such as small rocks or debris that could shift during use.
