How To Set Tile

Setting tile is a manageable do-it-yourself (DIY) project that can transform the look of your kitchen, bathroom, or any other space in your home. With the right tools and techniques, you can achieve professional-looking results. This Old House tile contractor Joe Ferrante demonstrates the proper method for setting ceramic tile in a subway pattern, providing valuable insights for homeowners looking to tackle this project on their own.

The Basics of Tile Setting

Getting the correct materials for the job makes a difference in the outcome of your tile installation. 

• Adhesive: Use either tile mastic or thin-set mortar, depending on the application. Mastic is ideal for wall tiles, while thin-set is better suited for floors and wet areas. The choice of adhesive directly impacts the longevity and durability of the tiling job.
• Backerboard: Installing cement backerboard as a substrate for your tiles provides a stable surface, especially in wet areas. This can help prevent water damage and mold growth, ensuring your tiling remains pristine and robust.
• Grout: Select a grout color that complements your tiles and fits your design aesthetic. The grout does more than fill spaces between tiles—it enhances the surfaces’ overall visual appeal.
• Tiles: Choose tiles that suit your style and are appropriate for the intended location. Ceramic tiles are popular for their durability and versatility, but other popular options include porcelain or glass.

Tools for Tile Setting

Having the right tools on hand will make the tile-setting process smoother and more efficient.

• Bucket and mixing paddle: Necessary for mixing adhesive or grout to the correct consistency
• Level: Assists in ensuring tiles are laid evenly and straight
• Notched trowel: Helps apply the adhesive evenly
• Rubber float: Used to apply grout into the spaces between tiles
• Sponge: Essential for cleaning excess grout from the tiles
• Tile cutter: Allows for precise cuts to fit tiles around obstacles
• Tile spacers: Ensure consistent spacing between each tile, which is crucial for alignment and grout application

Familiarize yourself with each tool’s proper use before beginning the project.

Preparing the Surface for Tiling

Follow these steps to ensure your surface is ready for tiling:

1. Clean the surface thoroughly: Remove any dirt, dust, or debris that might interfere with adhesion.
2. Repair any cracks or damage: Address issues on the existing surface to prevent future complications.
3. Install cement backer board: Use it in areas that will encounter moisture to provide a sturdy, water-resistant base.
4. Ensure the surface is level and smooth: Uneven surfaces can lead to misaligned tiles and an unprofessional appearance.
5. Apply a waterproofing membrane: Use it in areas prone to moisture, such as showers or tub surrounds, to protect sub-surfaces from water infiltration.

These steps lay the foundation for a seamless and long-lasting tile installation.

Setting the Tile

Now that your surface is prepared, follow these steps to set the tile:

1. Apply a thin coat of tile mastic or thin-set. Use the smooth edge of a notched trowel on the backer board.
2. Create a thicker bed of adhesive. Use the notched edge on the wall to ensure each tile adheres securely.
3. Begin setting bullnose tiles. Start along the edge of the wall, if applicable, establishing your borders.
4. Press each tile firmly. Ensure a strong bond, reducing future risks of tiles loosening.
5. Set field tiles. Continue alongside the bullnose, maintaining the pattern.
6. Maintain consistent spacing. Use tile spacers to ensure even gaps for grout application.

Cutting Tiles

Inevitably, you’ll need to cut tiles to fit around obstacles or at the edges of your installation. Here are some tips for cutting tiles:

• Use a tile cutter for straight cuts on ceramic tiles.
• Employ a wet saw or tile nippers for more intricate cuts.
• Wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from flying debris.
• Measure twice, cut once.

Working With Patterns

When setting tiles in a pattern, such as the subway pattern, keep the following tips in mind:

• Start with a full tile at the most visible area. This approach ensures symmetry and maximizes the look.
• Use tile spacers for consistent gaps. Even spacing is critical for grout application and aesthetics.
• Minimize the number of small cuts at the installation’s edges to maintain continuity.
• Offset rows by half a tile. Doing so creates the classic brick-like appearance characteristic of subway patterns.

Grouting the Tiles

After allowing the adhesive to cure according to the manufacturer’s instructions, you can grout the tiles. 

1. Mix the grout: Follow package instructions for consistency.
2. Apply using a rubber float: Work the grout into the joints at a 45-degree angle.
3. Remove excess grout: Use the float to scrape it from the tile surfaces.
4. Allow setting time: Let the grout firm up for about 15–20 minutes.
5. Clean tile surfaces: Use a damp sponge, ensuring you don’t remove grout from joints.
6. Cure fully: Let the grout set according to the specification before use.

Grouting not only stabilizes tiles but also enhances the overall appearance through contrast and color integration with the tiles.

Common Tiling Mistakes To Avoid

Even experienced DIYers can make mistakes when setting tile. Here are some common pitfalls to watch out for:

• Applying incorrect amounts of adhesive: Both too much and too little can cause problems.
• Inadequate surface preparation: Overlooked details can undermine the entire installation.
• Insufficient curing time: Rushing the process weakens the project’s longevity.
• Mismatched adhesive and grout types: This mismatch might compromise the material’s effectiveness.
• Ignoring spacer usage: This leads to irregular tile placement.

Maintaining Your Tiled Surface

Once your tile installation is complete, proper maintenance helps keep it looking great. Follow these tips:

• Seal grout lines: In high-moisture areas, this step prevents staining and mold growth.
• Use a pH-neutral cleaner: Regular cleaning prevents damage to the grout or tile surface.
• Promptly address issues: Fix any loose or cracked tiles immediately to avoid further damage and prevent trapped moisture.
• Reseal grout lines: Perform annually or as needed to maintain their appearance and integrity.

Proper maintenance significantly prolongs the life and look of tiled surfaces.