Universal design in bathrooms is becoming increasingly popular, as homeowners recognize the importance of creating spaces that are accessible and comfortable for everyone, regardless of age or ability. In this video and guide, This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey explores several universal design features for bathrooms with accessibility specialist Denis Pratt.
Key Principles of Universal Design
Universal design ensures that a home is functional for everyone, regardless of mobility, size, or cognitive ability. This especially takes into account groups such as older adults, people with disabilities, and families with young children. Over time, universal design has evolved into a widely adopted concept in architecture and design, particularly as homeowners look to future-proof their spaces and make them adaptable for all life stages.
Here are the key principles of universal design and how they apply to bathroom renovations:
1. Flexibility in Use
Flexibility in use refers to designing features that accommodate a wide variety of preferences and abilities. In a bathroom, this might include installing adjustable showerheads, handheld shower wands, or accessible vanities that work for both seated and standing users. Additionally, fixtures like faucets with lever handles or touchless controls can be easier to use for people with limited hand strength or dexterity. Flexibility ensures that the space can adapt to changing needs over time, making it suitable for everyone from children to older adults.
2. Low Physical Effort
Bathrooms designed with low physical effort in mind reduce the amount of strain and energy required to perform daily tasks. This could include installing easy-to-open faucets, push-button controls for showers, and cabinets with soft-close doors and drawers. Low-threshold showers or curbless entry showers, which eliminate the need to step over a ledge, make it easier to access the shower, especially for those with mobility issues.
3. Perceptible Information
Perceptible information ensures that the design communicates essential information effectively to all users, regardless of sensory abilities. In a bathroom, this might involve adding visual, tactile, or audible indicators. For example, incorporating high-contrast color schemes can help those with low vision differentiate between different areas, such as the floor and walls. Audible cues like beep alerts or smart technology can be used to notify users when a task is complete, such as a faucet that automatically turns off.
4. Simple and Intuitive Operation
Simple and intuitive operation refers to designing features that are easy to understand and use, regardless of the user’s experience or cognitive ability. In a bathroom, this could mean installing controls for showers, faucets, and lighting that are straightforward and clearly labeled. For example, single-handle faucets are simpler to operate than dual-handle designs. Touchless fixtures, such as motion-sensor faucets and toilets, also make bathroom tasks more intuitive.
5. Size and Space for Approach and Use
Adequate size and space for approach and use ensures that the bathroom layout allows people of varying sizes, mobility levels, and assistive devices (such as wheelchairs or walkers) to comfortably navigate the space. This might involve widening doorways, creating enough floor space for turning or maneuvering, and installing accessible toilets and sinks. A well-designed bathroom should allow for easy access to all fixtures without needing to strain or bend awkwardly.
6. Tolerance for Error
Tolerance for error is about designing features that minimize risks and prevent accidental harm. In a bathroom, this can be achieved by installing anti-scald valves in showers and sinks to prevent burns, using non-slip flooring to reduce the risk.
Applying Universal Design in a Bathroom Remodel
Next, we’ll walk through how those universal design principles can be specifically applied in different facets of a bathroom remodel.
Tubs and Showers
One of the most important aspects of a universally designed bathroom is an accessible shower. Traditional shower curbs can be difficult for wheelchair users to navigate. To address this issue, modern universal design incorporates water dams or mini-thresholds.
These innovative solutions allow for easy wheelchair access while containing water within the shower area. The flexible dam permits a wheelchair to roll in and out smoothly, eliminating the need for a high curb.
Bathtubs present particular challenges for accessibility. However, a few modifications can make them more user-friendly for everyone:
- Built-in seating and hand-held shower heads
- Walk-in tubs with doors that allow easy entry and exit
- Textured bathtub floors to reduce the risk of slipping
Faucets and Fixtures
Lever-style handles are more accessible than twist-type faucets. They are easier to operate for individuals with limited hand mobility or strength. When selecting fixtures, look for:
- Easy-to-read temperature indicators
- Single-lever faucets for easy operation
- Touch-activated or motion-sensor faucets
Sinks and Vanities
A pedestal sink that is both shorter in depth and taller in height compared to standard models is easier to reach and use by individuals in wheelchairs. Consider these features for an accessible sink area:
- Adjustable-height sinks
- Insulated pipes under the sink to prevent burns
- Lever-operated or touch-activated faucets
- Wall-mounted or pedestal sinks for wheelchair access
Door Handles and Hardware
Lever handles can be operated with a closed fist, making them easier to use for people with limited hand mobility. For homeowners who cannot replace all their doorknobs, adaptive levers that fit over existing knobs are an excellent alternative. These devices provide the benefits of a lever handle without the need for extensive hardware replacement.
Toilets
Elevating the height of the toilet seat can make a significant difference in comfort and accessibility, particularly for seniors and individuals with mobility issues.
Consider the following toilet features:
- Comfort-height or ADA-compliant toilets, which are typically 17–19 inches high
- Bidet attachments or separate bidets
- Motion-sensor flushing mechanisms
Lighting
Poorly lit bathrooms can be hazardous, especially for people with visual impairments or mobility challenges. Effective lighting design should consider both ambient and task lighting. Consider these lighting options:
- Adjustable lighting levels to accommodate different visual needs
- Motion-sensor lights for nighttime use
- Task lighting around the mirror and sink area
Storage
Traditional bathroom storage options can be hard to reach and impractical for people with mobility issues. Universal design storage ideas include:
- Lazy Susan-style organizers in corner cabinets
- Open shelving at various heights
- Pull-out drawers instead of deep cabinets
Grab Bars
Grab bars provide support and stability for users of all abilities, reducing the risk of falls and injuries. Where they are placed is also important. Common areas to install grab bars include:
- In the shower or bathtub area
- Near the sink or vanity
- Next to the toilet
When installing grab bars on existing walls without proper blocking, use specially designed hollow-wall anchors that can provide the necessary support.
Flooring
The right flooring will reduce the risk of slips and falls. Opt for materials that provide good traction when wet, such as:
- Natural stone with a honed finish
- Slip-resistant vinyl
- Textured ceramic tiles
Our Conclusion
Universal design can make a bathroom accessible, safe, and comfortable for users of all ages and abilities. When choosing universal design bath fixtures, look for items that are adjustable, easy to use, and workable for people with low grip strength.